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Extraneous cognitive load refers to the additional mental effort that is not directly related to the learning task at hand. When learners encounter extraneous cognitive load, it means they are dealing with distractions or irrelevant information that interferes with their ability to process and understand the material effectively. This additional cognitive burden can lead to frustration and hinder their capacity to engage with the core content.

The primary impact of extraneous cognitive load, therefore, is that it adds unnecessary effort when processing information. Cognitive resources are limited, and when learners are forced to manage extraneous factors, their attention is diverted away from the essential content, making it harder for them to grasp new concepts and connect ideas. As a result, the learning experience becomes more challenging, impeding retention and understanding. This principle is critical for instructional design, as reducing extraneous cognitive load can significantly enhance the effectiveness of learning.